Multistate Research Activity Accomplishments Report
Project/Activity Number: S-282 Cooperative Southern Regional Research Project
Project/Activity Title: Managing plant parasitic nematodes in sustainable agriculture with emphasis on crop resistance.
Period Covered: January 1, 2000 - December 31, 2000
Date of This Report: 12/14/00
Annual Meeting Date(s): October 16-17, 2000
Participants: E. C. McGawley, Louisiana, Chairman; J. L. Starr, Texas; R. S. Hussey, Georgia; E. C. Bernard, Tennessee; E. L. Davis, North Carolina; G. W. Lawrence, Mississippi; K. S. McLean, Alabama; D. E. Hershman, Kentucky; D. W. Dickson, Florida; R. T. Robbins, Arkansas; J. D. Eisenback, Virginia; S. Chen, Minnesota; P. Timper, USDA, Georgia. Guests: C. Overstreet, Louisiana; A. F. Robinson, Texas; Hernando Dominguez, Louisiana; Charles S. Johnson, Virginia; Jason Bond, Missouri; D. David Sui, South Carolina; Richard Steckler, Organic Solutions, California.
Brief summary of minutes of annual meeting: Minutes can be found at URL: http://eppserver.ag.utk.edu/S282/default.html
Accomplishments and Impacts:
Objective 1. Identify and characterize new sources of resistance genes in cotton, selected vegetables, peanut and soybean to plant-parasitic nematodes.
In LA, the 2000 microplot study with Rotylenchulus reniformis (RN), the reniform nematode, was the fourth annual, full-season trial in which the pathogenicity and reproduction of populations of RN from LA, MS, TX, AR, and HI have been compared with each other and with a non-inoculated control on the cotton cultivar >Stoneville LA 887=. Results of trials from all years are very similar and document significant variation in reproduction and pathogenicity among populations of this nematode.
In FL, Forty-nine peanut genotypes plus cv. Coan were tested in the field for their susceptibility to the peanut root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne arenaria race 1. Plants were harvested by hand on 26 September 2000 and the roots, pods and pegs were rated on a scale of 0 to 10 with 0 = no galls, ...10 = 100% roots, pods, and pegs covered with galls. Only one peanut genotype had a gall rating less then five: entry no. UF98511(89xOL28-HO1-7-4-1-2-b3-B with a rating of 3.2. The gall rating on Coan averaged 4.8 ranging from a low of 0 to a high of 10.
In NC, genes encoding espohageal gland proteins secreted by soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, were characterized. cDNA libraries generated directly from the contents of the esophageal gland cells of parasitic stages of SCN were selected for the presence of secretion signal peptides using the pRK18 vector in yeast. At least 14 new gland genes encoding secreted products from SCN were cloned and identified. In situ mRNA hybridizations indicated that several of the genes are expressed exclusively within the dorsal esophageal gland cell of SCN, and only in parasitic nematode stages. Products of the SCN secretory genes may serve as targets for neutralization by inhibitory peptides to develop novel and durable resistance in transgenic soybean plants.
In TX, resistance to M. incognita and R. reniformis was found in F1 individuals from a cross between Gossypium hirsutum and G. barbadense. Two breeding strategies are being used to develop elite breeding lines with resistance to both nematode species.
In VA, the northern RKN (M. hapla) is characterized by two cytological races, A and B. Race A populations have haploid chromosome numbers of 15, 16, and 17; whereas race B populations have diploid chromosome numbers of 30, 31, 43, 45, and 48. Host range tests showed that these two races have distinct host ranges. Race B populations reproduce on sweetpotato (Ipomea batatas cultivar 'Puerto Rico,' but not race A populations. In addition race B populations have a higher reproductive capability on strawberry when compare to race A populations. One population of race A also had the ability to reproduce on marigold (Tagetes erecta cv. Orange Bowl). Likewise, Race B populations with 43, 45, and 48 chromosomes reproduced on Tagetes patula, but race A and race B populations with 30 and 31 chromosomes did not.
In SC, soybean lines are being screened for resistance to Races 3/14 of SCN, and lines with the Roundup Ready gene are being field screened for RKN resistance. DNA from 26 different single-egg-mass isolates of the four major species of Meloidogyne were used to identify species-specific tagged sites. Species-specific PCR primer pairs for the four species were developed.
In AR, since funding for the testing of new varieties of soybean for resistance to soybean cyst nematodes was discontinued, researchers were unable to conduct greenhouse tests of various races of the nematode. If funding is restored work will resume in 2001. Of 116 cultivars of soybean that were tested in a greenhouse for susceptibility to reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis), 5 were as resistant as Forrest or better, three were cultivars derived from Hartwig in Missouri.
Objective 2. Facilitate the development of nematode resistant cultivars in these crops.
In LA, A field trial evaluating the RN host status of the five cotton cultivars most widely planted in LA was conducted at the Ben Hur Research Station. Cultivars included in the 2000 trial were >Suregrow 125=, >Phytogen PSC 355=, >Stoneville LA 887=, >Stoneville 474=, and, >Deltapine 5415=. All cultivars were excellent hosts of the nematode with harvest populations ranging from 35,000 to 271,000 individuals per 454 grams of soil.
In MS, twenty-two soybean varieties were examined for resistance and tolerance to the RN. Each variety was planted with and without the nematicide Temik 15G. Three varieties did not respond to the nematicide and may have tolerance. Each variety was planted with and without the nematicide Temik 15G. Four varieties produced a negative yield when Temik 15G was included. The remaining eighteen varieties resulted in increased yields. Initial greenhouse screening indicate that all varieties appear susceptible to the RN.
In NC, previous efforts reported that five sweetpotato cultivars were evaluated for resistance to M. incognita, M. arenaria, and M. javanica. Since subspecies populations (races) of these RKN species differ in parasitic ability, North Carolina populations within each species were analyzed against different sources of sweetpotato germplasm to develop a set of sweetpotato host differentials to typify RKN populations on sweetpotato germplasm. Sweetpotato germplasm Beauregard, L86-33, PDMp6, Porto Rico, and Pelican Processor were found to differentiate M. incognita, M. arenaria, and M. javanica.
In GA, simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers flanking two quantitative trait loci (QTL), one major and one minor conferring resistance to the southern RKN, have been identified that will facilitate marker-assisted selection of soybean cultivars with high levels of resistance. In greenhouse screening tests of 28,389 soybean breeding lines, lines were identified with high levels of resistance to SCN, races 3 and 9, and the southern and peanut RKN.
In Tx, the peanut breeding line TP-301 was selected for release in 2001 as a nematode resistant cultivar with improved yield potential. A second backcross of nematode resistance into the tomato spotted wilt virus resistant peanut cultivar Tamrun 96 was achieved.
In SC, Five regional sweetpotato entries and four standard check cultivars were evaluated for resistance to southern RKN (M. incognita race 3) in a greenhouse. The check cultivars performed as expected. Four regional lines were highly resistant (HR), equal in reaction to SUMOR (HR-check). One regional line was susceptible (S), similar in reaction to Beauregard (S-check).
In Alabama, twenty cotton varieties were evaluated for resistance to RN.
Objective 3: Integrate resistant cultivars and other biotactics into sustainable cropping systems, ensuring the durability of the resistance.
In MS, a planned three year rotation utilizing soybean, cotton, and corn was initiated in 2000. The test was established in a field naturally infested with the RN and previously planted with soybeans for three consecutive years. Yields averaged 24.9 bu/acre soybean, 161.87 bu/acre corn, and 3,380.65 lbs. seed cotton/ acre of cotton.
In NC, a field study by S.R. Koenning investigated the value of different levels of resistance to races 2 and 4 of SCN. High numbers of SCN were detected on Hutcheson and Hagood soybean, intermediate numbers on TN5-92, and low numbers on Hartwig soybean. Hartwig had the highest yield of any soybean cultivar tested in SCN-infested fields. A separate study evaluated potential cropping sequences to optimize the deployment of SCN-resistant Hartwig soybean in time and space. The highest yields were obtained with Hutcheson soybean (a SCN-susceptible cultivar used as a control) following two years of corn or one year each of corn and Hartwig soybean in SCN-infested fields.
In Mn, fungal parasites of SCN second-stage juveniles (J2) and eggs were investigated in soybean fields across southern Minnesota, as well as in the north central United States. Fungi were isolated from the J2 and eggs and tested in laboratory, greenhouse, and field for effectiveness in suppressing SCN population. A few fungi showed high pathogenic to SCN and reduced SCN egg density in greenhouse and field studies.
In TX, effects of resistance to RKN on the damage functions of these nematodes in cotton and peanut were evaluated in microplots. In cotton cultivars with partial resistance to M. incognita, the damage threshold density did not differ from that of a susceptible cultivar, but total yield suppress was reduced. In the M. arenaria- resistant peanut cv COAN, increasing nematode population densities had no effect on pod yields.
In Alabama, anhydrous ammonia was evaluated as a biotactic and compared to the fertilizer standard ammonium nitrate and to the nematicide standards Temik 15G and Telone II for management of RN.
Plans for comming year: Representatives of all states indicated that plans for 2001 will proceed in the direction dictated by results of 2000 research. Studies with SCN and RKN gene products will continue in SC, GA, and VA. Work aimed at identifying resistance to RN will continue in MS, LA, and AR and similar efforts with RKN will also be continued in FL and TX.
Research aimed at biocontrol of SCN, RKN, and RN will continue in MN employing various fungal nematode parasites. In AL, efforts to evaluate the chemical compound anhydrous ammonia as a nematode management tool will be expanded.
Publications:
Bond, J.P., E.C. McGawley, and J.W. Hoy. 2000. Distribution of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes on Sugarcane in Louisiana and Efficacy of Nematicides. Journal of Nematology. Accepted for publication 15 July, 2000.
McGawley, E.C. and C. Overstreet. 2000. Plant Disease Complexes. IN: Encyclopedia of Plant Pathology. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Overstreet, C. and E.C. McGawley. 2000. Thielaviopsis Black Root Rot Disease. IN: Encyclopedia of Plant Pathology. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Overstreet, C. and E.C. McGawley. 2000. Distribution of Reniform Nematode in Louisiana. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences, Vol. 1, Pgs. 168-171.
Chen, S. Y., D. W. Dickson, and D. J. Mitchell. 2000. Viability of Heterodera glycines exposed to fungal filtrates. Journal of Nematology. 32:190-197.
Chen, S. Y., and D. W. Dickson. 2000. A technique for determining live second-stage juveniles of Heterodera glycines. Journal of Nematology 32:117-121.
Chen, S. Y., J. Charnecki, J. F. Preston, and D. W. Dickson. 2000. Extraction and purification of Pasteuria spp. endospores. Journal of Nematology 32:78-84.
Crow, W. T., D. P. Weingartner, R. McSorley, and D. W. Dickson. 2000. Population dynamics of Belonolaimus longicaudatus in a cotton production system. Journal of Nematology 32:210-214.
Crow, W. T., D. W. Dickson, D. P. Weingartner, R. McSorley, and G. L. Miller. 2000. Yield reduction and root damage to cotton induced by Belonolaimus longicaudatus. Journal of Nematology 32:205-209.
Crow, W. T., D. P. Weingartner, D. W. Dickson, and R. McSorley. 2000. Damage function and economic threshold for Belonolaimus longicaudatus on potato. Journal of Nematology (in press).
Crow, W. T., D. P. Weingartner, D. W. Dickson. 2000. Effect of potato-cotton cropping systems and nematicides on plant-parasitic nematodes and crop yields. Journal of Nematology (in press).
Crow, W. T., D. P. Weingartner, D. W. Dickson, and R. McSorley. 2000. Effect of sorghum-sudangrass and velvetbean cover crops on plant-parasitic nematodes. Supplement to the Journal of Nematology (in press).
Freitas, L. G., D. W. Dickson, D. J. Mitchell, and T. E. Hewlett. 2000. Infectivity and suppression of Pasteuria penetrans to Meloidogyne arenaria race 1 in tomato following soil fumigation. Journal of Nematology (in press).
Nelson, S. D., L. H. Allen, Jr., J. Gan, C. Riegel, D. W. Dickson, D. J. Mitchell, and S. J. Locascio. 2000. Can virtually impermeable films reduce the amount of fumigant required for pest-pathogen management in high value crops? Soil and Crop Science Society of Florida Proceedings 59: (in press).
Riegel, C., D. W. Dickson, and L. Peterson. 2000. Rate response of 1,3-dichloropropene for nematode control in spring squash in deep sand soils. Journal of Nematology (in press).
Rigel, C., D. W. Dickson, L. N. Shaw, L. G. Peterson, and E. B. Whitty. 2000. Comparison of different chisel types for 1,3-dichloropropene fumigation in deep sandy soils. Nematropica (in press).
Lawrence, G. W. and K. S. McLean. 2000. Effect of foliar applications of oxamyl with aldicarb for the management of Rotylenchulus reniformis in cotton. Annals of Applied Nematology 32: (In Press).
McLean, K. S. and G. W. Lawrence. 2000. A survey of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with cotton in Northeastern Louisiana. Annals of Applied Nematology 32: (In Press).
Lawrence, G. W., K. S. McLean, S. M. Baird, A. J. Diaz, H. K. Lee, and W. Price. 2000. Nematode management investigations in Mississippi, 1999. Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station Bulletin. 48pp.
Lawrence, G. W. and K. S. McLean. 2000. Reniform nematode management with Temik 15G using two application techniques, 1998. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 55: 306 - 307.
Lawrence, G. W. and K. S. McLean. 2000. Temik 15G and Vydate C-LV for management of the reniform nematode, 1998. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 55: 308 - 309.
Lawrence, G. W. and K. S. McLean. 2000. Temik 15G side dress treatments for reniform nematode management, 1998. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 55: 310 - 311.
Lawrence, G. W., K. S. McLean, and S. M. Baird. 2000. Host response of selected mid-south soybean varieties to the reniform nematode. Journal of Nematology 32: (In Press).
Lawrence, G. W., K. S. McLean, and S. M. Baird. 2000. Field response of selected mid-south cotton varieties to the reniform nematode. Journal of Nematology 32: (In Press).
McLean, K. S. and G. W. Lawrence. 2000. Population diversity of plant- parasitic nematode. Nematropica 30:(In Press).
Lawrence, G. W., K. S. McLean, and S. M. Baird. 2000. Field response for selected mid-south soybean varieties to the reniform nematode. Nematropica 30: (In Press).
Yan, Y., G. Smant, and E. L. Davis. 2000. Functional screening yields a varient beta-1,4 endoglucanase gene from Heterodera glycines that may be the product of a recent gene duplication and inversion in the nematode genome. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions: In press.
Davis, E. L. and G. L. Tylka. 2000. Soybean cyst nematode disease. Plant Health Instructor. DOI: 10.1094/PHI-I-2000-0725-01.
Goellner, M., Smant, G., deBoer, J. M., Baum, T. J., and Davis, E. L. 2000. Isolation of beta-1,4-endoglucanase genes of Globodera tabacum and their expression during parasitism. Journal of Nematology 32:154- 165.
Davis, E. L., R. S. Hussey, T. J. Baum, J. Bakker, A. Schots, M. N. Rosso, and P. Abad. 2000. Nematode parasitism genes. Annual Review of Phytopathology 38: 341-372.
Koenning, S. R. 2000. Density-dependent yield of Heterodera glycines-resistant- and susceptible-cultivars. Journal of Nematology 32(4S):000-000. (in press).
Koenning, S. R., K. R. Barker, and D. T. Bowman. 2000. Tolerance of selected cotton lines to Rotylenchulus reniformis. Journal of Nematology 32(4S):000-000. (in press).
Koenning, S.R. 2000. Cotton stem canker caused by Phoma exigua in North Carolina. Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conference, San Antonio, TX; Volume 1:149-150.
Koenning, S. R. 2000. Southern United States soybean disease loss estimate for 1999. Pp 1-5, Proceedings of The Southern Soybean Disease Workers Twenty Seventh Annual Meeting, Ft Walton Beach, FL.
Wang,, X. Ding, T. Baum, R. S. Hussey, and E. L. Davis. 1999. Creating gland- specific cDNA libraries of Heterodera glycines. American Phytopathological Society, Abstract Program Book Page 71.
Hussey, R. S. and H. R. Boerma. 1999. Soybean variety performance on lance nematode infested soil, Midville, Georgia, 1998. Pp. 62-63. In 1998 Field Crops Performance Tests. Research Report 658.
Hussey, R. S. and H. R. Boerma. 1999. Three-year summary of soybean variety performance on lance nematode infested soil, Midville, Georgia, 1995-1998. Pp. 64. In 1998 Field Crops Performance Tests. Research Report 658.
Hussey, R. S. and H. R. Boerma. 1999. Greenhouse ratings for resistance to three species of root-knot nematode and soybean cyst nematode, 1998. Pp. 59-61. In 1998 Field Crops Performance Tests. Research Report 658.
Barker, K. R. and R. S. Hussey. 1999. Pest management. Pp. 335-338. McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science & Technology 2000, McGraw-Hill, Inc, NY.
Davis, R. F. & P. Timper. 2000. Resistance in selected corn hybrids to Meloidogyne arenaria and M. incognita. Supplement to the Journal of Nematology. 32: in press
Timper, P., C. C. Holbrook, & H. Q. Xue. 2000. Expression of nematode resistance in plant introductions of Arachis hypogaea. Peanut Science. 27: in press.
Holbrook, C. C., Jr., P. Timper, & H. Q. Xue. 2000. Evaluation of the core collection approach for identifying resistance to Meloidogyne arenaria in peanut. Crop Science. 40:1172-1175.
Timper, P. C.C. Holbrook, & H.Q. Xue. 2000. Nematode and tomato spotted wilt resistance in interspecific peanut breeding lines. Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society, Inc. (APRES) 32: Abstr. in press.
Butts, C.L., J.I. Davidson, Jr., D.A. Sternitzke, M.C. Lamb, P. Timper, C.R. Hobbs, J.F. McGill, & R.B. Moss. Effect of land preparation and cotton stalk residue management on peanut yield in a sandy field with a history of high pest pressure. Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society, Inc. (APRES) 32: Abstr. in press.
Timper, P., C.C. Holbrook, & H.Q. Xue. 2000. Expression of nematode resistance in cultivated peanut. Journal of Nematology 32:Abstr. in press.
Chen, S. Y., X. Z. Liu, and F. J. Chen. 2000. Hirsutella minnesotensis sp. nov. - a new pathogen of the soybean cyst nematode. Mycologia 92:819- 824.
Liu, X. Z., and S. Y. Chen. 2000. Parasitism of Heterodera glycines by Hirsutella spp. in Minnesota soybean fields. Biological Control 19:161- 166.
Liu, X. Z., and S. Y. Chen. 2000. Screening isolates of Hirsutella species for biocontrol of Heterodera glycines. Biocontrol and Technology:in press.
Chen, S. Y., D. W. Dickson, and D. J. Mitchell. 2000. Viability of Heterodera glycines exposed to fungal filtrates. Journal of Nematology 32:190- 197.
Chen, S. Y., and D. W. Dickson. 2000. A technique for detecting viability of second-stage juvenile of Heterodera glycines. Journal of Nematology 32:117-121.
Chen, S. Y., J. Charnecki, J. F. Preston, and D. W. Dickson. 2000. Extraction and purification of Pasteuria spp. endospores. Journal of Nematology 32:78-84.
Simpson, C. E., and J. L. Starr. 2000. Registration of >COAN' peanut. Crop Science 40: IN PRESS
Zhou, E., T. A. Wheeler, and J. L. Starr. 2000. Root galling and Reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita populations from Texas on resistant cotton genotypes. Supplement to Journal of Nematology 32: IN PRESS
Church, G. T., C. E. Simpson, M. D. Burow, A. H. Paterson, and J. L. Starr. 2000. Use of RFLP markers for identification of individuals homozygous for resistance to Meloidogyne arenaria in peanut. Nematology 2: IN PRESS
Eisenback, J. D. 2000. Pin nematode. In: Encyclopedia of Plant Pathology. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Eisenback, J. D., and H. Hirschmann. 2000. Additional notes on the morphology of Meloidogyne spartinae. Nematology 3: in press.
Fery, R.L., and J.A. Thies. 2000. Inheritance of resistance to the peanut root-knot nematode in hot pepper (Capsicum chinense). J. Amer. Hort. Sci. 125: 615-618.
Thies, J.A., and R.L. Fery. 2000. Characterization of resistance conferred by the N gene to Meloidogyne arenaria races 1 and 2, M. hapla, and M. javanica in two sets of isogenic lines of Capsicum annuum L. J. Amer. Hort. Sci. 125: 71-75.
01/05/00
Submitted by,
Edward C. McGawley, Chairman, 2000
Fred W. Knapp, Administrative Advisor